＜script＞
    alert(document.referrer);
    console.log('协议:', window.location.protocol);  // https:
    console.log('主机:', window.location.host);      // example.com:8080
    console.log('路径:', window.location.pathname);  // /path
    console.log('查询:', window.location.search);    // ?query=1
    console.log('哈希:', window.location.hash);      // #section    
＜/script＞

也可以将URL信息封装成对象返回，便于复用：

＜meta http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html; charset=utf-8＞
＜script＞
    function getUrlInfo() {
        return {
            fullUrl: window.location.href,
            protocol: window.location.protocol,
            host: window.location.host,
            path: window.location.pathname,
            query: Object.fromEntries(new URLSearchParams(window.location.search)),
            hash: window.location.hash
        };
    }
    console.log(getUrlInfo());
＜/script＞